Friendship Essay: My Best Friends Funeral -- friendship essay, my best

I never estimate that I would ever had to attend to a funeral of a soaked friend. Aaron Smith was besides 18 years old and passed away from a tragic automobile accident. He was always a really happy guy and had the biggest smile at that place could ever be, his smile would make anyone ascertain cheered up. He was about 5 foot 9 inches, light brown skin, and he had a thick body, and dense hair. Aaron would always help out a friend in need, even though he had trouble with his divorced parents he wouldnt let that get him down. His mother and sisters live in Stockton, calcium and his father lives in majestic City, Washington so Aaron would always be traveling from California to Washington state. That make it hard on him trying to be with both families, but his favorite place to reside was Royal City because he had all of us as friends we gave him all the love that he needed to be comfortable living without his mom and sisters. So this is were the story begins. I remember Novem ber 13, 2006 like it were yesterday I was very excited because we had just moved in to a new house it wasnt in Royal city but it was only 30 minutes away. Our new house had three bed rooms, three bathrooms, two living rooms, and the best part of all a big swimming pot with a slide and a diving board It was one of the most exciting days of my life, even tough we had tons of boxes to un pack it was all good. My bedroom was outside of the actual house it was the guest room but I claimed it as my room it was perfect. That day I was with my boyfriend who was also very close to Aaron, we were watching a scary movie and it was about 8Pm and Ray (my boyfriend) had a really weird feeling like he had to leave back to Royal as soon as possible ... ...ood-bye. We were all just hanging out in the room until it was all over. From Moses Lake Aaron had a last trip he was going to be buried in California we all knew that Aaron would have rather be in Royal City but his mom thought otherwise. T o some up this awful story we finally left the funeral house, and everyone left back to Royal City. To all of us it was a nightmare come admittedly to lose a close friend but now that I think about it he is in a better place not having to decide between mom or dad, California or Washington. This funeral was the worst thing that could happen to me, I lost a good friend and I would never get to see him again. When I think about him now days I look at it like if he were in California and that I will see him eventually. I dream about him once in a while and I know hes suddenly but in my dream it makes me happy to see him and talk to him.

Rhetoric in Violence as Entertainment by Folisi Essay -- videogames, cr

It is shocking to believe that just beca give you like videogames and crime shows you are a bad soulfulness. This article is hotshot in which talks about slew being obsess with violences. What would happen if just because you went to a story and got the the latest Grand Theft Auto videogame people would run for the hill and accuse you of being crazy.In this artical we are given the idea that if a person liked violent video games, and crime shows, then the person is up to no good.In his article, Violence as Entertainment, Folisi employs a variety of rhetorical devices to divert the readers attention away from his lack of empirical evidence. The most effective of these devices is the use of multiple tones. To a lesser degree, Folisi also uses anecdotal evidence. This works directly against the authors goals, exposing the weaknesses in his lineages.Folisi alternates between authoritative and speculative tones throughout the article. This is utilized in several(prenominal) different ways.First, Folisi is able to pass off many of his assumptions as fact. The topic sentences of many paragraphs start with words such as we and our, projecting the authors personal thoughts and experiences out onto the rest of his audience. In this way, personal observations are subtly transformed into global assumptions. Consider for example the following excerptThe fact is, these kinds of news program stories fascinate us. But why? Does life in a modern technological world breed individuals who are more criminally incited or abandoned? Is it somehow more difficult for us to cope with our lives, with our basic instincts and needs, in societies which are cut off from nature? Through disconnecting and dividing us from our true instinctual intragroup nature, has modern technologi... ...ts and outcasts, maladjusted in schools and in society at large.Because he is so eager to apply rhetoric from every possible angle, Folisi accidentally provides a counterargument to everything he ha s said. This goes unaddressed, as the author fails to recognize what he has done. As a result, the reader is left to question the article, possibly more than they would have had no argument been given at all. In all, Folisi has a strong rhetoric but his lack of practical evidence illuminates the shortcomings in his argument. Additionally, his attempt at using commiseration to emotionally engage the reader ultimately flounders and in fact works against him. To make his argument stronger, Folisi desperately needs to rethink his use of pathos and ready stronger evidence. In conclusion readers will be able to expand their thinking and ideas about why people commit crimes.

National Sovereignty, Oppressive Government, and the US Role in the Wor

National Sovereignty, Oppressive Government, and the US Role in the World Introduction The American attack against Afghanistan that was triggered by the September 11th tragedy erst again raised the question of US role in the world. The current array intervention also touched the issue of the major factors, defining the eat of US inter issue policy. In the globalized world today the ratio of soft baron (the ability to attract through cultural and ideological appeal) to hard power (a countrys economic and military ability to buy and coerce) used in solving international conflicts is constantly increasing (Nye 2). However, military campaigns still give a way out of deepening international crises. Should America, then, engage in indiscriminate humanitarian interventions, advancing its ideas of democracy, human rights and liberty, or should it be militarily touch only with international affairs that have a direct bearing on US vital national interests? In my paper I sugge st that the US violation of a countrys sovereignty should come only after a careful consideration and deep investigation of the reasons tail end an international conflict. Moreover, all interventions should be based on specific achievable end-goals and strategies. Also, US military campaigns rationale should suit Americas vital national self-interest, as I define it later. Several reasons support such an international policy First, in the farseeing run the negative effects of a military international intervention, even if against oppressive governments, could actually outweigh the positive ones. Moreover, coercive policy could, in fact, aggravate a conflict by providing grounds for long lasting hostility, aggression, or ev... ...osnia and Kosovo. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies v. 25,( 2000) p. 489-510Nye, Joseph S. Jr., Redefining the National interest. Foreign affairs, (July/August 1999) p. 22+Rule, James B., On evils abroad and Americas raw world ord er. Dissent v. 46, no3 (1999) p. 50 57Smith, Tony, Morality and the use of force in a unipolar world the Wilsonian moment?. Eyhics and International Affairs v. 14, (2000) p. 11-22 http//www.cceia.org/lib_volume14.htmlTarzi, Shah M., The threat of the use of force in American post-cold war policy in the Third World. Journal of Third World Studies v. 18, no1, (2001) p. 39-64 The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost knowledge Project

Justifying the Ways of God in Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- Papers M

Justifying the Ways of God in Miltons Paradise LostThrough Paradise Lost, Milton ?justifies the ways of God to men?, he explains why man fell and how he is affected by the go under. He shows that although man had a fall it was a fortunate fall, ?felix culpa?. As a result of the fall there are bad outcomes that man and women volition endure nevertheless it was a fulfillment of God?s purpose. In creating man, God gave him rationalise will he created him a perfect being but ?free to fall?. In God?s plan man will fall by his make fault. This allows God to show mercy on man and allow man to chose to be obedient and to love God by his own alternative and to eventually end up in a better place. If man had not fallen then there would be no coming of saviour the savior, and no redemption, which are apart of God?s plan. When Christ dies for man, he begins the process of redemption leading to the Last Judgement Day and to a overbold earth and heaven. Although mankind will suffer consequences, they will find grace and mercy through God?s glory and through experience and familiarity they will be able to express fair love and know true happiness.Milton begins this epic poem by telling men what is going to kick downstairs to man through God?s prophecy. God speaks of the fall and the ultimate outcome. When God created mankind he gave them free will, this free will is what allowed them to fall. God gave them free will because without freedom there would be no evidence that man?s love is genuine ? Not free, what proof could they have giv?n sincere? (III, 103). God allows Satan to rally his troops and continue on his battle against heaven ?And high permission of all-ruling-Heaven/ Left him at large to his own dour designs? (I, 212-13). God does this because Sat... ...ghest victory? (XII, 568-69). Finally Adam expresses that he will never leave Paradise because he will always have it within him ?but shalt possess/ A paradise within thee, happier far? (XII , 586-87). Adam takes what he can from the fall and makes it to his best ability, a fortunate one. Eve has had the pain of tyke birthing put on her as a punishment. She takes this a makes it a good thing ?I carry hence though all by me is lost,/Such favor I unworthy vouchsafed,/ By me the Promised Seed shall all restore? (XII 621-23). Eve is saying that isn?t even worthy of this gift, ?favor?, creating her own felix culpa out of herfall. Adam and Eve disobeyed God and for that there were punishments, however they both turned it around and made it the best as possible. Works CitedMilton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Scott Elledge. second ed. New York Norton, 1975.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and An Ode Popular Superstitions o

Comparing Unification in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft seeks to extinguish repressive, orthodox conventions. She endeavors to abate manners that lacerate our society, that elevate man above woman, that prohibit equal exchange amongst the sexes. This odds-on system of gender roles forms the basis of her argument. Wollstonecraft claims that civilization will not progress while half its population is subjugated. Arguing that progress in sexual job will balance the scales, she seeks simplicity in society through equality between man and woman. Through equal education, rejection of traditional expectations, but most significantly a dismissal of complex, debilitating emotions like love and passion, the sexes will overlap, becoming one, becoming unisexual. This simplification, this unisexuality, will clear the smoke between men and women, allowing th em to return to a basis of reason upon which to build a better society. Wollstonecraft sees this unisexuality as the savior of human kind. In An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland, Considered as the Subject of Poetry, William Collins seeks to abolish cultural stereotypes rending Scottish and English societies. Collins realizes that if unabated, the rising 18th century commercial torrent will consume Scotland. This flood will forego the north hopelessly backward, unable to unite with the southern commonwealth. The growing cultural and economic gap between north and south will leave England right-hand(a) for conflict. Collins also realizes that the British Empire can never be a great power unless these two warring factions u... ...al level simplifies the conflict between the sexes because it eliminates the messy emotional biases attached to this conflict. Returning Scot and Brit to their ancient Celtic past simplifies the conflict between their nations b ecause it eliminates messy emotional biases attached to this impasse as well. Both Wollstonecraft and Collins seek harmony through reason both seek unity through precision, both succeed because simplicity speaks to everyone, Brit, Scot, man or woman. Works Cited Collins, William. An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland,Considered as the Subject of Poetry. Online. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 3034 Texts and Contexts Restoration and Eighteenth Century Literature. Oct. 1998. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Ed. Carol H. Poston. impertinently York Norton, 1988.

Nothing is free. Essay -- essays research papers

I definitely think the best things in life are non free. There are so many examples I can name. For one, every thing you want in life you have to work hard to earn it. Nothing is given to you for free. Everything in life termss you or someone else money, time, or effort. This includes all the important things in life like air, freedom, life, living, love, children, marriage, jobs, and friendships. However, if we consider the meaning of free, "without cost of any benignant to anyone at any time--past, present or future", it would be hard to find anything that is free. Every aspect of life carries some sort of commitment.Freedom is not free. In order for this great country of ours to possess freedom that it offers, countless numbers of men and women have paid a high price to break it so. In order for us to go about freely in this great country, we have to follow certain guidelines or obedience of laws for the general welfare. If we avow on not doing so, eventually, our fr eedom will be lost and then placed under guarded control.Life is not free. One has to commit to life. eve though a child is brought into this world through no decision of his or her own, it costs someone to bring that child into this life, and it will further cost for life to be maintained for that child. In addition, in order to live, one has to commit to the idea of living, at whatever standards they choose or their circumstances dictate. sprightliness is not free. Life consists of many elements and th...

Identify the Difference Between Start Up and Operating Costs, Variablecpsts and Fixed Costs Essay

A start-up cost is a cost that you start with for example in the flower shop it would be a deposit on the shop and the first months rent. Also the first lot of stock, advertisement a sign, table, counter, till and a credit learning ability machine. The operating costs are costs that you carry on paying for throughout the time your business is open, for example in the flower shop they would be rent, wages, heating and lighting, insurance, loan interest, drawing (personal salary) , ribbons, stock, boxes and plastic sheets. So the difference between the two above would be that start-up costs are only when the business is outset to get up and running and the operating costs are something you pay for throughout the time your business is open.Fixed costs are a mapping of operating costs but fixed costs would have one price that doesnt change throughout the time your business is open thats why they call it fixed, the fixed costs would be rent. This would cost 700 per month, mages. This wo uld cost 500 per month. Heating and lighting would cost 200 per month, insurance would cost one hundred sixty per month, loan interests cost 40 per month on top of how much you had loaned to you and drawings (personal salary would cost 400 per month. Fixed costs do not start out without put, so weather the flower shop gets loads of customers or not they still have to pay fixed costs. A variable cost is a cost that can vary throughout the time your business is open, a good example for the flower shop is packaging , as the more flowers you lead astray the more packaging you would need, the same as ribbon, plastic sheets and gift tags.

9th Grade Biology

Biology Chapter 17 1) 17. 1 Protists are the Most various of All Eukaryotes a. slew 1 Complex Characteristics of Protists i. Protist 1. eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus ii. Structure iii. Future iv. Examples v. Classification b. Slide 2 Complex Cells/Grouping by Nutrition vi. Heterotroph/Autotrophs vii. How to Group viii. Animal-Like 2. Protozoans a. animal-like protist is a heterotroph ix. Fungus-Like x. Plant-Like 3. Algae b. plant-like protist makes its own food by photosynthesisRead as well Lab 2 Biology2) 17. Protozoans Digest their Food c. Slide 1 Protozoans With Flagella xi. Zooflagellates c. member of a group of protozoans that move by means of one or more flagella 4. Reproduction 5. Giardia 6. Trypanosoma d. Slide 2 Protozoans With Pseudopodia xii. Amoebas 7. feces pseudopodia d. temporary extension of a cells cytoplasm and plasma membrane used by certain protozoans in movement and feeding 8. Forarms e. member of a group of marine protozoans with porous shells made of organic material and calcium carbonate e.Slide 3 Protozoans with Cilia xiii. Paramecium 9. Movement f. Ciliates i. member of a group of protozoans that move and feed by means of hair like projections f. Slide 4 Protozoans Lacking Motility xiv. Apicomplexans (parasites) 10. Plasmodium g. Malaria 3) 17. 3 g. Plasmodia Slime Molds 11. member of a group of fungus-like protists that grows in a branching pattern xv. Cellular Slime Mold 12. protist with both unicellular and cellular stages in its life cycle is a decomposer xvi. Plasmodium 13. ember of a group of fungus-like protists that grows in a branching pattern xvii. Sporangia 14. reproductive structures on a plasmodial slime mold also called fruiting bodies h. Water Molds and Downy Mildews xviii. Water molds xix. Downy mildews 15. Phytophthora Infestans 4) 17. 4 i. Euglenoids 16. member of a group of unicellular photosynthetic protists with one or two flagella and no cell wall xx. Euglena j. Dinoflagellat es 17. member of a group of unicellular, photosynthetic algae with cell walls made of cellulose and having two flagella xxi.Plankton 18. in general microscopic organisms that drift or swim near the surface of ponds, lakes, and ocean xxii. Phytoplankton 19. microscopic algae and cyanobacteria that carry out photosynthesis xxiii. Zooplankton 20. microscopic animals that swim or drift near the surface of aquatic environments k. Diatoms 21. member of a group of unicellular algae with glasslike cell walls l. Seaweeds 22. a large, multicellular marine alga xxiv. dark-brown Algae xxv. Red Algae xxvi. Green AlgaeGeneral Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)

Management Control Systems Final Written Case Assignment

Management Control Systems Final Written Case Assignment work outing and exercise Evaluation at the Berkshire Toy Company Prep ard for K ben M. Foust, Ph. D. , C. P. A. Adjunct Professor at Tulane University A. B. Freeman School of Business New Orleans, Louisiana Prepared by Andres A. Calderon andres. emailprotected com PO Box 21420 Baton Rouge, LA 70893 Date September 4, cc0 Background Janet McKinleys father, Franklin Berkshire, founded Berkshire Toy Company (BTC) in 1974.In 1988 Janet worked her room up to the position of coadjutor to the President after completing her MBA. Janet promoted employee participation and teamwork. The telephoner went public in 1991, and in 1993 Mr. Berkshire retired, leaving Janet as corpo step CEO. In 1995 quality Products Corporation, a friendship with a wide variety of products, acquired BTC for $23 million. Janet had an agreement that allowed her to continue to work for BTC for at least 5 years at an annual salary of $120,000.The company had a staff of 241 employees organized in three different segments purchasing (11 employees managed by David hallway), merchandise (175 employees managed by pecker Wilford), and merchandiseing (52 employees managed by Rita Smith)1. BTC produces a fifteen-inch, amply jointed, washable, stuffed teddy bear. The bear is packaged in a designer box and is accompanied by an unconditional lifetime guarantee, and a piece of chocolate candy. The bears are accessorized according to customer order specifications. Internet gross revenue began in 1997.Janet has just imbibed the June 30, 1998 income statement showing Operating Income at $1,632,317 below budget, epoch make out Revenue is at $1,440,487 above budget ( cipher gift 1). Janet is having trouble understanding how the companys revenue is thriving, but the company is non generating profits as expected. Current Situation BTC is a decentralized division of Quality Products Corporation that has been experiencing growth in gross sales over the past four years (see expose 2a). BTCs strategy is to have an enhanced product image, build customer brand loyalty through product differentiation, and produce an all American type product.BTC implemented a management compensation plan in 1997 the plan is structured as follows David at Purchasing 20% of net frameworks price segmentation, assumptive social Rita at market 10% of excess variance of net revenue, presume favorable 1 The remaining three employees are Janet, her secretary, and her secretarys assistant handbill at output 3% of net variance in material, labor, variable overhead, labor rate variance, and the variable and fixed overhead spending, assuming favorable variancesThe bear is hand made and the quality of material acquired by purchasing can negatively affect production generating excess waste or potentially jeopardizing the quality of the product. selling sells the bear through catalogs, companys retail store adjacent to the factory, Internet sal es, wholesale to department stores, toy boutiques, and other(a) specialty retailers. Most orders are shipped the same day as they are received. Commissions of 3% are paid on retail store sales and sales to wholesale buyers, no commissions are paid on catalog sales.Internet sales began in 1997 with bears being exchange at a wholesale price of $32. The Marketing and the Purchasing departments seem to be operating well, but the Production department manager has identified the following problems production was affected by materials ruined during flood, stinging material is substandard, amply rate of product stock-out, deviations from standard production plans, overtime to met sale demands is high, overworked staff, plant is at maximum capacity, and maintenance is almost impossible to be scheduled. Analysis of the Case Non-quantitativeBTC could work an alliance with its supplier in such a way that raw material is guaranteed to meet high levels of quality. Currently pinnacle in produ ction receives the raw material from David at purchasing, so inspections for defective material happen at the time of production and under the prescertain(p) of orders cumulus up awaiting production. David does not have any incentive to provide quality, but just to reduce his cost. Current incentive plan is not working to the gain of the Production department, it is not fair to have bonus linked to factors that cannot be controlled by the responsible manager.Incentives are structured in such a way that they encourage low balling revenue figures by the Marketing and high balling raw material price budgets by the Purchasing manager. A budget of zero sales to be achieved by the Internet deployment, supported by an expensive national radio campaign, is not accep accede and should not be rewarded. Quantitative Analysis The favorable sale revenue of $1,440,487 can be explained by a favorable tint of Internet sales2 (+307%), an negative effect of the retail and Catalog sales (-214%), a nd a negligible budget variance (+7%) explained by the Wholesale feats.Ninety one percent (equivalent to $2,300,980) of the unfavorable integral variable star Cost variance ($2,515,896) can be attributed to unfavorable variances in steer proletariat (39% or $980,305), Variable budget items (27% or $679,361), and Variable interchange outgo (25% or $641,314) (See Exhibit 4). Almost the undefiled unfavorable variance of fixed cost can be attributed to the unfavorable variance in Selling Expenses. The Direct Labor3 variance is mainly due to a variance of 42% (from 1. 2 budgeted to 1. 7 actual) labor hours per unit and a variance in salary rate from $8. 0 budgeted vs. $8. 17 actual. The Variable Overhead also affected by the unfavorable 1. 7 hours per unit of direct labor, contributed with an unfavorable amount of $181,639 (see Exhibit 6c). The Variable Overhead Cost per Hour went up due to the additional overhead. The Variable Selling Expense ca personad an unfavorable variance of $ 443,100 due to the added cost per unit (see Exhibit 6c). Average price per unit sold $44. 37 compared to a $46. 45 budget. The mix variance stemmed mostly from a price difference between Retail & Catalog ($49) and Internet ($42) sales.The 280,000 units are distributed between Retail & Catalog (85%) and Wholesale (15%) sales. Using the electro nonoperational figure Mix expected sales are of $15,122,083 (see Exhibit 5). strict Cost Selling Expenses caused an unfavorable variance of $560,192 to the budget, compared to a negligible favorable increase of $261 to budget due to the intractable Cost Administrative Expense. 4 Almost half ($225,627 favorable) of this unfavorable variance is counteracted by the higher than budgeted output and a fixed manufacturing overhead per unit of $ 1. 674 compared against the budgeted $1. 97. The overall unfavorable $114,910 Fixed Manufacturing Overhead is due to the variance in labor hours per unit. Due to 2 3 Or demote said a very unrealistic low ball budget of Internet sales I attribute this to the fact that the company works on an order received basis, instead of calling production. the incentive structure at BTC, David Hall has been buying cheap polyester filling and accessories, causing an unfavorable price efficiency variance of $49,609.Sales and Total Cost unfavorable variance of $ 2,669,607, compared to $1,632,317 budgeted can be attributed to scurvy sales mix performance (unfavorable Budgeted Sales air division $675,589) and unfavorable Labor Volume strain ($437,338)5. Incentive Program It is my opinion that the incentive program at BTC is the major contributor to the unfavorable variances. David Hall is rewarded for purchasing cheap raw material, which is affecting production. Rita is rewarded for selling products over the Internet at prices that are not appropriate.For a bonus allocation in dollars please refer to Exhibit 7, Incentive Plan (better named Lets all gang against poor old Bill). While David poc kets $9,636. 62 ($48,183 20%) by purchasing substandard polyester fillings for the bear, Bill looses $2K due to additional filler required for production of a quality bear. at that place is no reasoning on how Rita sets the price for the Internet bear. Rita set a low price on the bear causing an unfavorable mix variance and there is no reasoning on how she established the budgets overall she is favored by both moves, hurting the companys profits. overtimeThis is due to the inefficient use of labor, adding to the low morale of the employees. The unit labor requirement went from 1. 2 to 1. 7 due to the poor quality of raw material. The pay rate went up 17 cents due to new hires that had to be enticed to work at BTC. All these problems can be associated with the order base production scheduling, causing a knew jerk chemical reaction in the system every time a new order is received, forcing employees to work overtime (See Exhibit 8 for more details). The case makes it clear that the re have been no technology improvements in the past five years at BTC.Fixed manufacturing overhead is favorable due to the higher volume of items sold, but it does not reflect on the performance of the firm, since this is due to the low Internet price. I assume that most of this expense is to cover the radio campaign and the Internet cost, change magnitude volume with no concerns on the effect on Production 5 I blame this on Rita for selling products at less than reasonable price, solitary(prenominal) looking after her compensation. She increased volume with no concerns on the effect this might have on production. 4 RecommendationsProduction Bill should consider going to a forecasted production cycle, allowing a better distribution of the work load over the year (reducing overtime from 9. 11 to 8. 47), allowing time to mentor new employees (as attrition rate would be hire), allowing for scheduled maintenance without worrying about capacity during peak production times, and dedicat e more time to the cleaning of the machinery (there is a substantial bury in cleaning material cost, in this industry this can be associated with a higher maintenance expense, see Exhibit 2b).The quality management effort should be integrated to supports the overall strategy of maintaining a high quality product at BTC. The integration of marketing and production could yield better production schedules to be developed this integration can be accomplished by establishing shared goals between the two departments. With better production schedules BTC could identify bottlenecks and make sure that those are never starved for work6, reducing overtime demands during peak demand cycles.Overtime supports have been rising at an alarming rate (1619% in 1998, 1055% in 1997, see Exhibit 2b) this has very bad consequences on the companys bottom line7. Production planning should increasing employee morale, allow for proper maintenance of equipment and reduce the risk of infection of breakage du ring peak production times, and allow for planned training of new employees. In order to offer a higher quality product and impact the reduction of overtime, Bill has to consider upgrading some of the outdated equipment, especially replacing the equipment that reduces overtime and maintenance cost.The company is operating near to capacity new equipment should assuage the production bottlenecks and provide the foundation to reduce the overtime labor cost. If Bill is not familiar with new technologies in this industry, he should seek support from consultants in this area. Incentive Plan The incentive model should encourage accurate reporting by encouraging the right behavior, thus discouraging low or high balling while developing budgets (see Exhibit 3). David should be rewarded for finding the least expensive input material, without compromise of quality.Samples of material to be 6 Technology could also be deployed to reduce the bottlenecks, especially the labor-intensive bottleneck s. purchased should be analyzed by Production prior to committing to the shipment and purchase. This can only be accomplished if purchases are base on forecasted production, also allowing David to have more time for the negotiation of better prices for quality raw materials. Rita should continue to be rewarded for selling products, and growing markets. Instead of basing Ritas bonus on the Static budget, her bonus should be evaluated against the elastic Budget.In general static budgets are departmental goals that jointly represent corporate goals. Flexible Budgets curb some of the present variations in prices, markets, production, costs, etc. that tend to invalidate the Static Budget over time. The incentive plan for BTC should have a mix of departmental goals and division goals, so that there is a better integration among the different departmental goals. Bonuses should reflect managements favorable performance therefore, managers should have seemly control over those drivers t hat affect BTCs outcomes.BTC should design a equilibrise Score handbill as an integrative effort to support efforts of the individual managers of the different department in an orchestrated effort. Balanced Scorecard BTCs Balance Scorecards should be aligned to support the corporate strategy, both short and long term. Incentives should be designate to the degree the different measures contribute to the corporate goals. Managers shall respond to incentive, thus supporting corporate goals (see Exhibit 9 for details).A Balanced Scorecard typically includes measures in distributively of four areas Financial, Customer, Internal Business Processes, and Learning and Growth8. Some organizations add other dimension to support their strategy, or replace one of the four perspectives with one that unambiguously reflects their mission and strategy. In the case of BTC the identified areas are Corporate (BTC), Marketing, Purchasing, Production, and Management9. The proposed set of Balanced Sco recards for BTC is presented in Exhibit 10. It sounds like the previous manager was a occasion student of Dr.Page, since the two envelop strategy was employed. First envelope Blame the predecessor, write loss off. Second envelope Prepare two envelopes. This case is unwashed in business offices with companies that pay bonuses. Thats why companies are moving into options. 8 The Balanced Scorecard, Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, Harvard Business School Press, 1996 9 Management as part of the Balanced Scorecards tends to be forgotten. Management (upper) has a responsibility to support the different departments with information on quality, cycle time, and cost. 7 Exhibit 1Berkshire Toy Company A ingredient of Quality Products Corporation Preliminary Statement of Divisional Operating Income for the Year Ended June 30, 1998 building blocks Sold Retail and Catalog Internet Wholesale Total Revenue Variable production costs Direct Material acrylic fiber pile fabric 10-mm acrylic eyes 45-mm plastic joints Polyester fiber filling interweave label fountain box Accessories Total Direct Material Direct Labor Variable Overhead Total Variable Production Cost Variable Selling Expense Contribution shore Fixed Costs Manufacturing Overhead Selling Expenses Admin Expenses Total fixed Costs Operating Income effective Units 325,556 $ 8,573,285 174,965 $ 4,428,018 105,429 $ 1,445,184 45,162 $ 14,446,487 Master (Static) Budget 280,000 $ 11,662,000 $ $ 1,344,000 $ 13,006,000 Master Budget fluctuation 45,556 $ (3,088,715) $ 4,428,018 $ 101,184 $ 1,440,487 admonitory Favorable Favorable Favorable $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 256,422 125,637 246,002 450,856 16,422 69,488 66,013 1,230,840 3,668,305 1,725,665 6,624,810 1,859,594 5,962,083 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 233,324 106,400 196,000 365,400 14,000 67,200 33,600 1,015,924 2,688,000 1,046,304 4,750,228 1,218,280 7,037,492 661,920 4,463,000 1,124,000 6,248,920 788,572 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,098 19,2 37 50,002 85,456 2,422 2,288 32,413 214,916 980,305 679,361 1,874,582 641,314 (1,075,409) (3,023) 560,192 (261) 556,908 (1,632,317) Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable $ 658,897 $ 5,023,192 $ 1,123,739 $ 6,805,828 $ (843,745) Unfavorable Exhibit 2a Company Growth based on Schedule of true Manufacturing Overhead Expenditures for years Ended June 30, 1994 1998 Units Produced 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 Units 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year Exhibit 2b Variable Cost Associated with BTC growthBerkshire Toy Company A Division of Quality Products Corporation Schedule of Actual Manufacturing Overhead Expenditures for years Ended June 30, 1994 1998 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 325,556 271,971 252,114 227,546 201,763 Units Produced Variable Overhead Payroll Taxes and fringes Overtime Premiums Cleaning Suppl ies Maintenance Labor Maintenance Suppliers Miscellaneous Total $ 840,963 $ 423,970 $ 4,993 $ 415,224 $ 27,373 $ 13,142 $ 1,725,665 $ 524,846 $ 24,665 $ 6,842 $ 256,883 $ 15,944 $ 11,244 $ 840,424 $ 467,967 $ 2,136 $ 6,119 $ 232,798 $ 12,851 $ 9,921 $ 731,792 $ 413,937 $ 1,874 $ 5,485 $ 244,037 $ 15,917 $ 8,906 $ 690,156 $ 356,150 $ 1,965 $ 4,996 $ 216,142 $ 14,323 $ 7,794 $ 601,370The following table shows the increases in variable cost associated with the production growth. Variable Overhead Growth Payroll Taxes and fringes Overtime Premiums Cleaning Supplies Maintenance Labor Maintenance Suppliers Miscellaneous Units Produced 1998 1997 1996 1995 60% 12% 13% 16% 1619% 1055% 14% -5% -27% 12% 12% 10% 62% 10% -5% 13% 72% 24% -19% 11% 17% 13% 11% 14% 20% 8% 11% 13% Increases in Variable Cost Associated with the Production Growth 1800% 1600% 1400% 1200% g-force% Percent 800% 600% 400% 200% 0% 1994 -200% 1995 1996 Year 1997 1998 1999 Payroll Taxes and fringes Maintenance Suppliers Over time Premiums Miscellaneous Cleaning Supplies Units Produced Maintenance LaborExhibit 2c Fixed Cost Associated with BTC growth Berkshire Toy Company A Division of Quality Products Corporation Schedule of Actual Manufacturing Overhead Expenditures for years Ended June 30, 1994 1998 Fixed Overhead Utilities Depreciationmachinery Depreciationbuilding Insurance retention Taxes supervisory salaries Total 1998 $ 121,417 $ 28,500 $ 88,750 $ 62,976 $ 70,101 $ 287,153 $ 658,897 1997 $ 119,786 $ 28,500 $ 88,750 $ 61,716 $ 70,101 $ 274,538 $ 643,391 1996 $ 117,243 $ 28,500 $ 88,750 $ 57,211 $ 68,243 $ 275,198 $ 635,145 1995 $ 116,554 $ 28,500 $ 88,750 $ 55,544 $ 68,243 $ 269,018 $ 626,609 1994 $ 113,229 $ 28,500 $ 88,750 $ 54,988 $ 66,114 $ 254,469 $ 606,050The following table shows the increases in fixed cost associated with the production growth. Fixed Overhead Growth Utilities Depreciationmachinery Depreciationbuilding Insurance Property Taxes supervisory salaries Units Produced 1998 1% 0 % 0% 2% 0% 5% 20% 1997 2% 0% 0% 8% 3% 0% 8% 1996 1% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 11% 1995 3% 0% 0% 1% 3% 6% 13% Increases in Fixed Cost Associated with the Production Growth 25% 20% 15% Percent 10% 5% 0% 1994 -5% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year Utilities Property Taxes Depreciationmachinery Supervisory salaries Depreciationbuilding Units Produced Insurance Exhibit 3 Incentive Model for Accurate Reporting10 ?b1* forecast + b2 * (actual forecast) if actual ? forecast Incentive = ? b1* forecast b3 * (forecast actual) if actual forecast b1 rewards are positively related to forecasted sales, give managers and incentive to forecast high b2 sales should be higher than the forecast, b2 affect this component b3 when actual sales are less than the forecast, this plan penalizes the manager For example b1 b2 b3 5% 3% 7% Actual Sales Forecasted Sales Incentive 1000 1000 50 1100 1000 53 1200 1000 56 1000 1100 48 1100 1100 55 1200 1100 58 1000 1200 46 1100 1200 53 1200 1200 60 10 Example from Managerial invo ice an Introduction to Concepts, Methods, and Uses by Maher Stickney & Weil. Exhibit 4 Total Variable Cost Variance Contributions Variance Cost Contribution acrylic pile fabric 1% 10-mm acrylic eyes 1% 45-mm plastic joints 2% Polyester fiber filling 3% Woven label 0% Designer box 0% Accessories 1% Direct Labor 39% Variable Overhead 27% Variable Selling Expense 25% Total Variable Cost Variance Contributions Acrylic pile fabric 45-mm plastic joints Woven label Accessories Variable Overhead 10-mm acrylic eyes Polyester fiber filling Designer box Direct Labor Variable Selling Expense Exhibit 5 Analysis of SalesFlexible Flexible Budget Budget (Budgeted Units Sales Volume Mix)(5) Variance $1,897,427 $$218,656 $2,116,083 $13,559,427 276723 $0 $1,562,656 48833 $15,122,083 325556. 1464 Actual Retail and Catalog Internet Wholesale Units scathe Master (Static) Budget $11,662,000 $$1,344,000 $13,006,000 Budgeted Budgeted Mix in Total Sales Sales Mix Mix PercentagesBudgeted value Variance Var iance 238000 0 42000 280000 85% 0% 15% 100% $49. 00 $42. 00 $32. 00 $46. 45 $(3,088,715) $(4,986,142) $4,428,018 $4,428,018 $ 101,184 $(117,472) $1,440,487 $(675,596) $8,573,285 174,965 $49. 00 $4,428,018 105,429 $42. 00 $1,445,184 45,162 $32. 00 $44. 37 Total Revenue $14,446,487 325556 Exhibit 6a Schedule of Standard Costs Fifteen-Inch Berkshire consent Table 2 Standard 280,000 UnitsQuantity Allowed per Unit Direct Material Acrylic pile fabric 10-mm acrylic eyes 45-mm plastic joints Polyester fiber filling Woven label Designer box Accessories Direct Material per unit Total Direct Material Direct Labor Sewing Stuffing and cutting conclave Dressing and Packaging Total direct labor 0. 02381 2 5 0. 9 1 1 Input Price $ $ $ $ $ $ 35. 00 0. 19 0. 14 1. 45 0. 05 0. 24 Standard Cost Per Unit $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0. 83335 0. 38000 0. 70000 1. 30500 0. 05000 0. 24000 0. 12000 3. 62835 1,015,938 0. 50 0. 30 0. 30 0. 10 1. 20 $ 8 $ 9. 60 Variable manufacturing overhead 1. 2 $ 3. 114 $ 3. 7368 Fi xed manufacturing overhead 1. 2 $ 1. 970 $ 2. 3640 Exhibit 6b Schedule of Actual Manufacturing Costs for year Ended June 30, 1998 Table 3 Actual 325,556 UnitsQuantity Allowed per Unit Direct Material Acrylic pile fabric 10-mm acrylic eyes 45-mm plastic joints Polyester fiber filling Woven label Designer box Accessories Total Direct Material Direct Material per unit Direct Labor Sewing Stuffing and cutting Assembly Dressing and Packaging Total direct labor Overtime Premium Other Variable Manufacturing Overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead 7,910 661,248 1,937,023 344,165 328,447 315,854 Input Price $ $ $ $ $ $ 32. 4174 0. 1900 0. 1270 1. 3100 0. 0500 0. 2200 Total Cost $ 256,422 $ 125,637 $ 246,002 $ 450,856 $ 16,422 $ 69,488 $ 66,013 $ 1,230,840 $ 3. 780732 189,211 104,117 121,054 34,615 448,997 103,787 $ $ 8. 1700 4. 0850 $ 3,668,305 $ 423,970 $ 1,301,695 $ 658,897 $ 7,283,707 Exhibit 6c Analysis of CostStatic Budget Direct Material per unit Direct Material per unit Units Total Mate rials Labor Cost per Unit Total direct labor per unit Labor Hours Hourly Rate Total Labor Cost Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variable Overhead Cost per Hour Labor Hours Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variable Selling Expenses Cost per Unit Units Total Variable Selling Expenses Fixed Manufacturing Overhead Cost per hour of labor Total hours Fixed Manufacturing Overhead $ $ 1. 97000 336,000 661,920 $ $ 1. 46749 448,997 658,897 $ (225,627) $ (222,604) $ (448,231) Price Total $ $ 1. 97 390,667. 20 769,614. 38 $ 225,627 $ (114,910) Volume $ $ $ 4. 35100 280,000 1,218,280 $ $ 5. 71206 325,556 1,859,594 $ (443,100) $ (198,214) $ (641,314) Price Total $ 4. 35 325,556. 00 $ (443,100) $ Volume $ $ $ 3. 11 336,000 1,046,304 $ $ 3. 84 448,997 1,725,665 $ (327,488) $ (351,873) $ (679,361) Price Total $ 3. 11 390,667. 20 $ (327,488) $ (181,639) Volume $ $ $ $ 1. 20000 336,000. 00 8. 00000 2,688,000 $ $ 1. 6980 448,997. 00 8. 17000 4,092,275 $ (980,305) Total $ (76,329) $ (903,976) Price $ $ 1. 20 390,667. 0 8. 00 $ (76,329) $ (466,638) Volume $ $ $ 3. 62835 280,000. 00 1,015,938 $ $ 3. 78073 325,556. 00 1,230,840 (49,625) (165,291) $ (214,916) Price Total $ 3. 63 325,556. 00 $ (49,609) $ Volume $ Actual Variance Type Flexible Budget Price Efficiency Variance Volume Variance $ 1,181,231. 11 $ 3,125,337. 60 $ 1,216,537. 66 $ 1,416,494. 16 Flexible Budget Total Cost per Unit Total Cost Variance Price Variance Volume Variance (670,915. 33) (1,841,957. 90) $ 14. 26335 $ 16. 50162 $ 14. 26335 Flexible Budget Variance $ (1,434,086) Total Price Efficiency Variance $ (670,899. 27) Total Volume Variance $ (763,187. 10) Static Budget Variance $ (2,512,873. 3287) Fixed Costs Actual Static Variance Total Cost Variance Selling Expenses $ $ $ $ 5,023,192 4,463,000 (560,192) (3,072,804) Administrative Expenses $ $ $ 1,123,739 1,124,000 261 TOTAL Budget Cost Variance Budget Sales Variance Budget Variance Total Cost Variance Flexible $ (1,994,017) $ (675,589) $ (2,669,607) Static $ (3,072 ,804) $ 1,440,487 $ (1,632,317) $2,669,607 1,632,317 $1,037,290 Variances Volume Variance $ (903,976) $ (466,638) Labor Variance $ (437,338) Labors Hours Exhibit 7 Incentive Plan (better named Lets all gang against poor old Bill11) David Hall (Purchasing) Quantity Actual Price Static Budgeted Price Acrylic fabric 7910 $ 32. 42 $ 35. 00 10-mm acrylic eyes 661248 $ 0. 19 $ 0. 19 45-mm plastic joints 1937023 $ 0. 13 $ 0. 14 Polyester fiber filling 344165 $ 1. 31 $ 1. 5 Woven label 328447 $ 0. 05 $ 0. 05 Designer box 315854 $ 0. 22 $ 0. 24 Accessories 325556 $ 0. 20 $ 0. 12 Bonus $ 14,632. 71 20% Rita Smith (Marketing) Revenues Variable Selling Expenses Fixed Selling Expenses Net Revenues Bonus Actual Master Budget $14,446,487. 00 $13,006,000. 00 $ (1,859,594. 00) $ (1,218,280. 00) $ (5,023,192. 00) $ (4,463,000. 00) Delta $ 7,563,701. 00 $ 7,324,720. 00 $ 238,981. 00 10% $23,898. 1 Purchasing Variance $ 20,428. 37 $ $ 25,181. 30 $ 48,183. 10 $ $ 6,317. 08 $ (26,946. 28) $ 73,163. 57 Bi ll Wilford (Manufacturing) Price Variance Volume Variance Static Budget Variance $ (670,915. 33) $ (1,841,957. 90) $(2,512,873. 3) NO BONUS Since negative Static Budget Variance 11 Production processes input into output. Both, the input responsible manager and the output responsible manager, make good money $73K and $24K in 1998, while the production manager makes no money. This situation is ill-fated, or just plain dumb. The sandwich effect, the manager in the middles gets squeezed. This is the sarcasm in management that I am illustrating with this title. Exhibit 8 Overtime Hours 448,997. 00 Direct Overtime 103,787. 00 448,997. 00 Actual Pay Rate Total Hours $ 8. 17 $3,668,305. 49 390,667. 20 $ 4. 09 $ 423,969. 90 45,457. 20 $ 9. 11 $4,092,275. 39 390,667. 20 Flexible Pay Rate Total $ 8. 0 $3,125,337. 60 $ 4. 00 $ 181,828. 80 $ 8. 47 $3,307,166. 40 Exhibit 9 Balanced Scorecard12 The actions of management are not static but, rather, are dynamic over time. A round of Strategic perfor mance improvement (usually every year at the time budgets are being developed) whitethorn result in an increase in the goals that have been established by the manager and their Balance Scorecard supervisor. (see Figure 1) An analogy may be profitable at this point (see Figure 2) just as in high jumping, the goal (bar) is not set at the point at which it will in conclusion end. It is Performance Measure in set land, and as the jumping progresses, it is steadily moved higher.As the jumper Management trying to meet Performance clears it at lower heights, the bar is moved up. Each time the assessment (depicted by the black line in the graph) approaches or exceeds the goal (depicted by the gray line), the Figure 1. Balanced Scorecard in action 100 95 90 Performance Metric 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 2000 goal is increased until performance is at a level at which further improvements may not be desired. The management group of a corporation will develop plans for the year, those plans are revised through time, incentives are allocated and measures are taken to draw new plans for future years. The Balance Score card allows managers to keep their Goal core and their measures clear, so that decisions are made towards a goal that is congruent with the corporate goal. Outcome measures are results. Driving measures are sagaciousness incremental in nature, such as the ones depicted in Figure 2. 2004 Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2001 2002 2003 Figure 2 Progressive Goal Setting 12 Graphs were extracted from lead Model based on Performance Measures and Continuous Improvement by Andres A. Calderon Exhibit 10 Balanced Scorecard for BTC Group BTC Scorecard Customer merriment Measures tally of Complaints and number of unsolicited letters Employee satisfaction (involvement, recognition, access to information, support from staff functions, etc. , Staff turnover, Productivity (revenue per employee, return on compensation, profit per employee, etc. ), add together of employees qualif ied for key jobs relative to anticipated requirement Outcome Performance Initiatives Driver BTC Employee Satisfaction Marketing Attain a high market share in the sale Percent of stuffed animal market share and cost to attain of quality stuffed animal toys a new customer check recognition by becoming the synonymous for Teddy Bears (brain Percent of people that relate teddy bear to TCB share) Reduction of selling expenses while increasing number of sales (Last Year Selling Expense Current Year Selling Expense) / (Last Year Sale Current Year Sale) Marketing Marketing Marketing Marketing MarketingIntroduction of successful new product Number of new motives or designs introduced per year, variations to the market Time to market, Break even time Introduction of better distribution channel Accurate product pricing based on market Market accessibility related to delivery cost Contribution Margin Growth and market understanding by polling customer perception of value for money Marketing A ccurate forecasting of sales and Percentage off faulting related to inventory cost, Percent of peak seasons (to minimize stock-outs key items out of stock, Number of back-orders and inventory cost) Group Scorecard Reduce cost of raw material while maintaining Production quality standards Minimize raw material shortages, so that Production does not have to wait Minimize production cycle timeMeasures Number of times Production rejected raw material, raw material cost compared to price index Percent of key raw material out of stock, Number of backorders Production cycle time Outcome Performance Initiatives Driver Purchasing Purchasing Production Production Production Minimal percentage of manufacturing Service stroke index, return rate, warranty claims, number defects of defects Timeliness Percent on-time delivery, total time for customer interaction (e. g. time of Internet session), average waiting time (e. g. to receive a teddy bear), satisfaction with delivery time Number of proce sses having adequate information on quality, cycle time, and cost New revenue or nest egg per database, report, etc. Management Information coverage ratio Management Return on Data

American History X Essay

American History X is a film that centered on two brothers and how their lives changed when their father died. The story revolved around discrimination and racism. and most importantly, the movie emphasized the capability of an individual to change. The main character, Derek Vinyard, transformed into a racist when his father died in the line of duty by a minority and when he killed two black men who tried to rob him. Before he entered prison, Derek had already a preconceived notion that Blacks were menace to the guild and that the Whites were the superior race.However, inside the penal complex, he found out that there is good and bad in every race. So to prevent his younger brother, Danny, from committing the kindred mistakes, Derek encouraged him to be open-minded and disregard all the things that were inculcated to him when they were members of the Neo-Nazi group (IMDb). This movie was able to show three sociological concepts namely differential association, racism and amicabl e inequality. Differential association is a learning theory which focused on the processes by which individuals come to commit criminal acts (Hamlin).In the film, this was shown when Derek joined the neo-Nazi group he started to adapt a more delinquent lifestyle like thrashing the local grocery store. Meanwhile, racism is defined as the idea that race sets the dispute in the individualality or competency of an individual which results to some race being make part than the others (Eckert). This concept was portrayed when Seth and Danny were having a conversation. Seth asked Danny who he hated and Danny replied, I hate anyone that isnt white Protestant. Theyre a burden to the advancement of the white race (Kaye).Lastly would be social inequality which refers to the ways in which socially-defined categories of persons (according to characteristics such as gender, age, class and ethnicity) are differentially positioned with regard to access to a variety of social goods like educati on (Centre for due east European Language-Based Area Studies). In the movie, this was represented when two Black guys were trying to steal Dereks truck. This shows how some races are well off than the others because they have better jobs, houses and benefits.I think American History X is an eye-opening film about the presence of discrimination, prejudice and hatred in the society due to difference in race. More so, the movie tried to relay the message that delinquency is learned and it can be unlearned if an individual is put in a better environment. When Derek went to prison, he realized that race was not a major issue that separated one individual from another it was more on how a person presented himself/herself to a group. In the end, it would always be every man for himself in this dog eat dog world.Works CitedAmerican History X. 2009. IMDb. 28 whitethorn 2009 American History X. Dir. Tony Kaye. New Line Cinema, 1999. New Dimensions of Social Inequality? n. d. Centre for Ea st European Language-Based Area Studies. 28 May 2009 Eckert, Susan. What is Racism, Prejudice, Discrimination, Bias, and Xenophobia? 7 declination 2007. Suite101. com. 28 May 2009 Hamlin, John. Differential Association Theory. March 2006. University of Minnesota Duluth. 28 May 2009

Contex and Principles for Early Year Learning Essay

Question An explanation of the legal status and principle of the relevant first Years Framework and wherefore the too soon year frameworks emphasise a personal and individual go up to encyclopaedism and organisement 1. 1 The statutory framework for the EYFS sets out the legal requirements relating to scholarship and discipline and the legal requirements relating to welf atomic number 18. The EYFS framework has statutory force by virtue of Section 44 of the baby safekeeping represent 2006. The EYFS is a central come out of the tenner year fry concern strategy Choice for pargonnts, the best start for minorren and the landmark Childcare Act 2006.This Act, which regulates the childcare in England, formalise the important strategic component local authorities play, through a set of duties. These duties require authorities to work with their NHS and Jobcentre Plus partners to improve the outcomes of separately children up to phoebe bird old age of advance and reduce in equalities between them secure sufficient childcare for working(a) parents provide a parental information service provide information, advice and training for childcare providers.The play withal lays out registration and inspection arrangements, providing for an integrated procreation and care framework for the Early Years and general childcare registers. The sufficiency, information and outcomes duties came into effect on 1 April 2008 and the remaining purveys came into effect from folk 2008. The revised, simpler framework for the EYFS was published on 27 March 2012, for implementation from 1 September 2012. This is an integral part of the Governments wider vision for families in the stern eld.It demonstrates our commitment to clearing professionals from bureaucracy to focus on supporting children. Together with a more flexible, free archaean education entitlement and new streamlined inspection arrangements, this is a step towards a lighter touch regulatory regime. The Government will continue to adjudicate to reduce burdens and remove unnecessary regulation and paperwork, which undermine professionals ability to protect children and promote their outgrowth. The new EYFS framework trade names a number of improvements Reducing bureaucracy for professionals, simplifying the statutory estimation of childrens ontogenesis at age five. Simplifying the learn and development requirements by reducing the number of early cultivation goals from 69 to 17. Stronger emphasis on the three prime areas which are most essential for childrens healthy development. These three areas are conference and language physical and personal, social and emotional development. For parents, a new proceed check at age dickens on their childs development.This links with the Healthy Child review carried out by health visitors, so that children get any additional support they compulsion before they start inculcate. Strengthening partnerships between professionals and parents, ensuring that the new framework uses clear language. The Early Years Register (EYR) and the General Childcare Register (GCR) provide a regulatory framework for childcare under the act. Ofsted regulates the two registers the EYR for people caring for children vul fecesised from birth to 31 August after their fifth birthday and the GCR for childcare over this age.The GCR has two parts the compulsory part (for providers of childcare for children aged five to seven) and a voluntary part (for providers of childcare for children aged eight and over or childcare that is exempt from registering on a compulsory basis). The EYFS has replaced three source frameworks Curriculum Guidance for Foundation Stage, the Birth to Three Matters frameworks, and the National Standards for Under 8s Day-care and Childminding. The EYFS is given legal force through an Order and Regulations made under the Act.From September 2008 it will be mandatory for all schools and early years providers in Ofste d registered mise en scenes attended by unripened children that is children from birth to the end of the academic year in which a child has their fifth birthday. All early years providers are required to meet the EYFS requirements. From September 2008 it is the legal responsibility of these providers to run across that their provision meets the learning and development requirements, and complies with the welfare regulations.The Early Years Foundation Stage 2012 (EYFS) sets the standards that all early years providers essential meet to ensure that children learn and develop rise up and are kept healthy and safe. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure childrens school readiness and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right foundation for good future progress through school and sprightliness.Every child deserves the best possible start in life and the support that enables them to fulfil their potential. Children develop quickly in the earl y years and a childs go outs between birth and age five deplete a major wallop on their future life chances. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important in its own right. Good parenting and high quality early learning together provide the foundation children need to make the most of their abilities and talents as they grow up. The EYFS seeks to provide quality and consistency in all early years settings, so that any child makes good progress and no child gets remaining behind a secure foundation through learning and development opportunities which are planned around the demand and interests of each individual child and are assessed and reviewed regularly partnership working between practitioners and with parents and/or carers equality of chance and anti-discriminatory practice, ensuring that every child is included and back up. The EYFS specifies requirements for learning and development and for safeguarding children and promoting their welfare.The learning and develo pment requirements cover the areas of learning and development which must contrive activities and sleep withs (educational programmes) for children in all early years settings the early learning goals that providers must befriend children work towards (the knowledge, skills and understanding children should befuddle at the end of the academic year in which they turn five) and assessment arrangements for measuring progress (and requirements for reporting to parents and/or carers). The safeguarding and welfare requirements cover the steps that providers must take to keep children safe and promote their welfare.Four guiding principles should shape practice in early years settings. These are every child is a peculiar child, who is constantly learning and can be resilient, capable, confident and confident children learn to be strong and separatist through positive relationships children learn and develop well in enabling environments, in which their experiences respond to th eir individual necessitate and at that place is a strong partnership between practitioners and parents and/or carers and children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates.The framework covers the education and care of all children in early years provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities. The aim of the EYFS is to help young children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes of staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution, and achieving economic well-being by 1. setting the standards for the learning, development and care, ensuring that every child makes progress and that no child gets left behind.Parents, providers should deliver individualised learning, development and care that enhances the development of the children in their care and gives those children the best possible start in life. Every child should be supported individually to make progress at their own pace and children wh o need extra support to fulfil their potential should receive special consideration.All providers have an as important fibre to play in childrens early years experiences and they have to ensure that the provision they deliver is both captivate to children needs and complementary to the education and care provided in childs different settings. 2. providing for equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practice and ensuring that every child is included and non disadvantaged because of ethnicity, culture or religion, home language, family background, learning problematicalies or disabilities, gender or ability.Practitioners should focus on each childs individual learning, development and care needs by removing or helping to overcome barriers for children, being alert to the early signs of needs that could lead to later difficulties and responding quickly and appropriately, stretching and challenging children because all of them should have the opportunity to experience an enjoyable programme of learning and development. 3. creating the framework for partnership working between parents and professionals, and between all the settings that the child attends.Working with children operator working in partnership with a lot of people, for this reason is important that practitioners ensure continuity and coherence by manduction relevant information with each other and with parents. Parents and families are central to a childs well-being and learnings needs. For this reason practitioners should support this important relationship by sharing information and offering support for extending learning in the home. 4. improving quality and consistency in the early years sector through a commonplace set of standards which apply to all settings and providing the basis for the inspection and regulation regime.5. laying a secure foundation for future learning through learning and development that is planned around the individual needs and interests of the child, and informed by the use of ongoing observational assessment. It is important to their future success that children earliest experience help to build a secure foundation for learning throughout their school years and beyond. Practitioners must sensitive to the individual development of each child to ensure that activities they undertake are suitable for the stage that they have reached.Children need to be stretched, but not pushed beyond their capabilities, so that they can continue enjoy learning. Practitioners must observe assessment planning for each childs continuing development through play-based activities, and respond quickly to childrens learning and development needs. on that point are a lot of important aspects on the early years provision in the EYFS framework. These principles are 1. there should be a variety of provision for children under five in any locality. 2. All groups should operate in safe, healthy premises and should register with the local social services depart ment. 3.Groups should be of pliable size and have a high adult to child ratio. 4. Groups should comply with al employment legislation and pay adequate salaries and expenses to volunteers. 5. Staff should be educate and experienced, and with volunteers and parents, should be given the opportunity to further their learning. 6. Groups should have extending times that reflect the needs of parents and children. 7. Groups should have clear policies and procedures for admission and attendance of children 8. Groups should consider childrens dietary needs to ensure that any food or drink provided is appropriate, acceptable and nutritious.In the provision of any refreshment, groups should respect individual, cultural, religious and medical requirements. 9. Groups should have appropriate and adequate insurance cover. 10. Parents are the main educators of their children and should be involved in all aspects of the group including management. 11. Groups should have sound management procedures . 12. Groups should be recognise by, and have contact with, other local providers of education and care for young children. 13. Groups should provide for children and adults with disabilities and learning difficulties including children in need as defined by the Children Act 1989. 14.Groups should be well organised, with guardedly planned activities. 15. Groups should provide good quality educational equipment and play activities appropriate ages and stages of development. 16. The quality in any group is last dependent upon the skills, attitudes and commitment of adults, and groups should build upon these. 17. There should be equal opportunities, in all aspects of the groups work, for adults and children. All children in England between ages 5 and 16 must receive a full-time education. For children under age 5, publicly-funded nurseries and pre-schools are available for a limited number of hours each week.After the age of 16, students can attend sixth form colleges or other furth er education institutions. There are different types of child settings but all of them should follow The deterrent Discrimination Act 1995 that sets out two main duties for childcare providers not to treat a disabled child slight favourably to make presumable adjustments for disabled children Registered day nurseries Children are normally admitted from age 18 months to 3? years. They usually have fixed opening times and are usually open all day and during the school holidays to meet the needs of working parents.They may also offer before and after school childcare and holiday care for school aged children. Local authority nursery schools and nursery classes They are funded by the local authority. Children can start a nursery school or nursery class attached to a primary school from the age of three. Some nursery places are for a half-day (either a morning or an afternoon), others are for the whole school day. Pre-schools and Playgroups Pre-schools and playgroups provide care, p lay and learning opportunities for children aged two to five years.They usually offer half day sessions, term time only, although many may offer extended hours. Primary school Primary schools are for children aged from four or five until the age of 11. subsidiary school Secondary schools are for children aged 11, until the age of 16 but often also include sixth form centres or colleges which have pupils until the age of 18. finicky schools Special schools educate children or young people aged 5 and upwards almost always with statements of special educational need. Childminders Provide care, play and learning opportunities inwardly the childminders own home.They may be able to work flexible hours and periods. Will often take or collect children from playgroup or school. Can care for a maximum of six children under 8 years of age, depending on the play space available, but no more than three under 5 years of age and not normally more than one under 12 months Question An explanatio n of how national and local guidance materials are used in setting 1. 2 UKs current provision to work with early years children has been influenced by many different theories. FRIEDRICH FROEBEL (1782-1852) Froebel founded his first kindergarten in 1840.He believed in outdoor and indoor play and invented finger play, songs and rhymes. He valued symbolic behaviour through play this is where children understand that they can make one occasion stand for or symbolise something else for example, a yoghurt pot can symbolise a cup of tea. He felt that children were able to learn at their highest level through imaginative play. He was also well known for encouraging block play which he called gift encouraging children to understand a variety of mathematical concepts and relationship through play with various wooden blocks.His theory start with the concept that humans are creative beings, for this reason honest education must help children to understand their true nature as creative bei ngs. Froebel believed that play is the engine that drives true learning. Play is not idle behaviour. It is a biological imperative to discover how things work. It is happy work, but definitely purposeful. Froebel sought to harness this impulse and focus the childs play energy on specific activities designed to lead them to create meaning from this experience. In his opinion children can only learn what they are ready to learn.Each child is unique and develops according to their own schedule. Nothing can be more wasteful or frustrating than to try to force a child to march to a different beat. Froebel works with each childs own rhythm but makes it purposeful and guides the child toward the group. Froebel recognized that you cannot command the child so he controlled everything else. A prepared environment provides the teacher with the proper tools and gives children the experiences that the teacher feels are most beneficial, leading the childs mind to the subject at hand. It feels le ss structured or forced, but it is actually extremely efficient.After his death the idea of his child-centred kindergarten became popular in both Germany and the rest of Europe. MARIA MONTESSORI (1870-1952) Maria Montessori was a doctor in poor areas of Rome in the early twentieth century. During this time she observed childrens development and saw them as active learners. She did not believe in imaginative play but she felt that children needed to experience concepts such as shape, size and order through structured play. She also felt that, at different stages of their development, children are particularly receptive to certain area of learning and that the adult must guide them through these.Montessori believed that children would become independent learners if they worked on their own. She did not encourage sequence of exercises often using specifically designed didactic (instructional) materials. (Penny Tassoni, 368)These are materials that involve sensory experiences and are se lf-correcting. Montessori materials are designed to be aesthetically pleasing, yet sturdy and were developed by Maria Montessori to help children develop organization. Montessori believed that the environment should be prepared by matching the child to the corresponding didactic material.The environment should be comfortable for children (e. g., child-sized chairs that are lightweight). The environment should be homelike, so child can learn practical life issues. For example, there should be a place for children to practice proper self-help skills, such as hand washing. Since Montessori believed beauty helped with concentration, the setting is aesthetically pleasing.The Montessori method consists in a carefully developed set of materials which create the proper environment for children at each stage of their development. In this environment and with the guidance of trained teachers, they can develop their intellects and turn all the skills and content of human civilization.Over six ty years of experience with children around the world proved Dr. Montessoris theory that children can learn to read, pull through and calculate as easily and naturally as they learn to walk and talk. Her methods are still popular in Montessori schools around the world. The towering/Scope approach The High/Scope Approach has roots in constructivist theory. Constructivists believe that we learn by mentally and physically interacting with the environment and with others. Although errors may be made during these interactions, they are considered just another part of the learning process.Although both Constructivism and the Montessori Method involve learning by doing, there are significant differences. In Montessori, for instance, the didactic, self-correcting materials are specifically designed to help prevent errors. Children learn by repetition, instead of by trial and error. The role of pretend play is also different in the two methods. In High/Scope, childrens creative exploration is encouraged, and this sometimes leads to pretend play, while in Montessori, practical life work that relates to the real world is stressed.Although Constructivism is a theory of learning, as opposed to a theory of teaching, High/Scope has exemplified an approach of teaching that supports Constructivist beliefs. Thus, children learn through active involvement with people, materials, events, and ideas. What Are High/Scopes Main Components? Social One of the fundamental points in the High/Scope approach is that children are encouraged to be active in their learning through supportive adult interactions. The High/Scope approach includes times for various grouping experiences in the classroom.There are specific periods in each day for small group times, large group times, and for children to play independently in learning centres throughout the classroom. Children are encouraged to share their mentation with teachers and peers. Social interactions in the classroom community are e ncouraged. Teachers facilitate work on problem resolution with children as conflicts arise. When a child talks, the teachers listen and subscribe open-ended questions they seek to ask questions that encourage children to express their thoughts and be creative rather than a closed question that would elicit more of a yes/no or simplistic answer. Each day the High/Scope teacher observes and records what the children are doing. During the year, teachers complete a High/Scope Child Observation commemorate from the daily observations they have collected. Curriculum Key experiences were designed specifically for this approach. The following is a brief summary of key experiences taken from Kostelnik, Soderman, & Whiren (1999, p. 32). The key experiences for preschool children are -Creative government agency -Classification -Language and literacy -Seriation -Initiative and social relation -Number -Movement -Space -Music -Time. Plan-do-review is another major component of the High/Scope framework. Children are encouraged to 1) plan the area, materials, and methods they are going to work with 2) do, actually learn out their plan and 3) review, articulate with the class-room community what they actually did during work time. The review time helps children bring closure to their work and link their actual work to their plan. violent death time is a natural part of plan-do-review. Children are given a sense of control by cleaning up. Representative labels help children return materials to appropriate places (Roopnarine & Johnson, 1993). The High/Scope classroom has a consistent routine. The purpose of the resulting predictability is to help children understand what will happen next and encourage them to have more control in their classroom. Environmental Set-Up The High/Scope classroom is a materials-rich learning environment. Usually, the locations for classroom materials are labelled to help children learn organizational skills. Materials are set-up so that the y are easily accessible at a childs level. This helps facilitate childrens active exploration. Teachers set up the classroom areas purposefully for children to search and build social relationships, often with well-defined areas for different activities. Reggio Emilia Approach Reggio Emilia is a small town of northern Italy. The approach has become so popular in the early childhood field because it offers many unique curriculum ideas, because of the strong infrastructure for the Reggio schools, and because of the attention to co-construction. What Are the Reggio Emilia Approachs Main Components? Social Cooperation and collaborationism are terms that stress the value of revisiting social learning.First, children must become members of a community that is working together (cooperation). in one case there is a foundation of trust between the children and adults, constructive conflict may be helpful in gaining new insights (collaboration). Co-construction refers to the fact that the meaning of an experience often is built in a social context. An atelierista is a teacher who has a special training that supports the curriculum development of the children and other faculty members. There is an atelierista in each of the Reggio Emilia pre-primary schools. Pedagogistas are built in as part of the carefully planned support system of the Reggio Emilia schools. The word pedagogista is difficult to translate into English. They are educational consultants that strive to implement the philosophy of the system and advocate for seeing children as the competent and capable people they are.They also make critical connections between families, schools, and community. Curriculum One of the special features of the Reggio Emilia approach is called documentation. enfranchisement is a sophisticated approach to purposefully using the environment to inform the history of projects and the school community.It does not simply refer to the beautiful classroom artwork commonly found throughout schools following Reggio Emilia Approach. And, even though it often incorporates concrete examples of both the processes and products that are part of a childs education, it is more than just that. It is a fundamental way of building connections. Documentation is discussed in more detail in the next section that describes the uniqueness of the Reggio Emilia Approach. Co-construction increases the level of knowledge being developed. This occurs when active learning happens in company with working with others (e. g.having opportunities for work to be discussed, questioned, and explored). Having to explain ideas to someone else clarifies these ideas. In addition, conflicts and questions facilitate more connections and extensions. There is an opportunity to bring in different expertise.Thus, to facilitate co-construction, teachers need to aggressively listen and foster collaboration between all the members of the community whenever possible. Real learning takes place when t hey check, evaluate, and then possibly add to each others work. Long-term projects are studies that encompass the explorations of teachers and children. Flowcharts are an organized system of recording curriculum planning and assessment based on ongoing collaboration and careful review. Portfolios are a collection of a childs work that demonstrates the childs efforts, progress, and achievements over time. Environmental Set-Up In Reggio Emilia, the environment is homogeneous to that found in Montessori schools. However, the environmental set-up as a third teacher has been enhanced and extended in the Reggio Emilia approach. Like Montessori, it is believed beauty helps with concentration the setting is aesthetically pleasing. Reggio Emilia schools create homelike environments. In Reggio, the homelike atmosphere is designed to help make children feel comfortable and learn practical life issues. Each child is provided a place to keep her own belongings. Documentation is a major pa rt of the environmental set-up. Documentation illustrates both the process and the product. In documentation, the child is seen as an individual but also in relation to a group, with various possibilities for the individual. Question An explanation of how different approaches to work with children in early years have affected current provision.1. 3 Early years frameworks emphasize a personal and individual approach to learning and development because every child is unique and they develop and learn in different ways and at different rates, for this reason all areas of learning and development are equally important and inter-connected. Another reason is that experiences during the early years strongly influence a childs future development. This means that the care and education that babies and young children receive to support their growth, development and learning must be of high quality and appropriate to their individual needs.Therefore, all practitioners should look carefully at the children in their care, consider their needs, their interests, and their stage of development and use all this information to help plan a challenging and enjoyable experience across all the areas of learning and development. In fact EYFSs aim is to reflect the rich and personalised experience that many parents give their children at home. Like parents, providers should deliver individualised learning, development and care that enhances the development of the children in their care and gives those children the best possible start in life.Every child should be supported individually to make progress at their own pace and children who need extra support to fulfil their potential should receive special consideration. All providers have an equally important role to play in childrens early years experiences and they have to ensure that the provision they deliver is both appropriate to children needs. Question An explanation of the Partnership mannequin of working with carers 3. 1 Wor king with children means have a lot of responsibilities and one of the main ones is to have a positive partnership within the child settings faculty and parents/carers.For this reason every child setting has its own policy to regulate relations between carers and carers and families. Positive partnership calls for coarse respect and trust a recognition of equality between parents and professionals awareness of cultural and ethnic diversity partners to share information and skills. This means that good communication is essential to working with children, young people, families and carers. It helps build trust, and encourages them to seek advice and use services.It is key to establishing and maintaining relationships, and is an active process that involves listening, questioning, understanding and responding. an acknowledgement and sharing of feelings all parties to play a role in the decision making process. Question A review of the Potential barriers to participation for car ers, and an explanations of how these barriers may be overcome 3. 2 Barriers to partnership working There are many potential barriers to establishing a working partnership with parents, which can apply to both parties. Here are some of them Time and availability. conclusion a mutually convenient time and venue to meet Other demands from family and work Access and transport for some parents Language, culture and religion Cultural and/or religious attitudes towards disability Language barriers (there are no words for Downs syndrome in Punjabi or Urdu) What is culturally acceptable Parents own education ostracize feelings towards school and authority Feelings of inadequacy Fear of being judged Communication Poor communication channels (e. g. through the child only) Poor information sharing (what does go on in school? ) Automatic use of jargon. Shyness lack of confidence School and staff Personal relationships between teacher and parent limit facilities for meeting with parents lack of empathy with the role of parent Lack of staff skills and confidence Access to relevant information An unwelcoming environment Parent and school Who to talk to? Lack of acceptance or awareness of childs difficulties The value placed on education Young people not wanting parents involved Lack of information around transition periods (from one school to the next) Disinterest/lack of clear responsibility. Lack of consensus between parents Previous experience Negative previous experience Feelings of being judged Lack of action or follow up Being patronised Some ideas for overcoming barriers Communication Use regular newsletters to improve information mix Have a central information point e. g. regularly updated notice board Have a central contact point Exploit applied science web sites, email, blogs, text messaging Provide up to date information and a jargon buster.Create regular meeting slots Create opportunities for informal as well as formal con tact e.g. parents assemblies, social events Collect parents views e. g. suggestion box, parent forum, parents spokesperson Involve parents in school activities Use home/school books and diaries Use email or phone if there is sensitivity about keeping a written record School and staff Develop staff skills in communication and listening Increase availability of staff and head teacher e. g. regular meeting slots, surgery times for 1-1 meetings Improve the range of activities in which parents can participate Make direct personal contact with parents Provide creche.

Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric

Aristotle defines the fine art of persuasion. A rhetorician pursues witnesses, contracts, and the like in his pursuit of presenting an argument. However, not all craps of persuasion are rhetoric in nature. It is through persuasion that many arguments are won or lost. Aristotle talks in depth about what is right and what is wrong. He has meticulously defined terms like acceptable, goodwill, judge, judgment, and litigation that form a crucial part of any well-grounded process. The reason is, according to Aristotle, truths are made after long consideration. On the early(a) hand, decisions in the courts are given at a short notice.This makes it concentrated for those who try to present an argument and win the case based on the decision of the lawgiver. It is important that the lawgiver does not get influenced by matters of friendship or hatred, and lose vision of the truth. This paper will outline Aristotles definition of rhetoric and identify the role rhetoric plays in the judic ial process. Aristotles commentary of Rhetoric Aristotle equivalents rhetoric to a formal system of reasoning that strives to arrive at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments. Argument is the key to the art of persuasion. A rhetorician will be able to convince a person by persuasion.People expenditure rhetoric either at stochastic or through practice and from acquired habit. That is, while some verbalisers succeed to persuade through practice, others achieve it spontaneously. Aristotle closely relates rhetoric to dialectic. Both rhetoric and dialectic pack with arguments from accepted hypotheses. A rhetoric person can use dialectic tools in defense of his arguments. While dialectic is useful for arguments relating to private or academician matters, rhetoric is for arguments relating to public matters. This is because rhetoric considers that the opp unrivallednts are intellectuals or persons who are familiar with the subject being argued about.Dialectic is concerned wi th general questions that apply to untrained thinkers (Rhetoric I. 2). In rhetoric, trinity things comprise an argumentfirst is the speaker (ethos), second is the hearer (pathos), and the third is the argument itself (logos). (Rhetoric I. 2). First, the audience will give importance to an argument if the speaker is a trustworthy person. The speaker must display practical wisdom and should be able to reason logically. He or she should have an upright cause and goodness in its various forms, and should possess the good will to understand emotions.Second, the emotional state of the audience is important in the interpretation of the argument. If the listener is in a good or bad desire, then the argument takes the shade of his mood. The speaker should be telling enough to motivate and arouse the right mood in the listener. Third, the speaker persuades by the argument itself. There are two types of arguments induction and deduction. An inductive argument in rhetoric argues with an ex ample. It takes a statement and shows other statements that are similar to it. A deductive argument in rhetoric is the enthymeme, which is an argument achieved by proof or demonstration.Speeches that rely on examples are persuasive in nature however, those that rely on enthymemes induce applause from the audience. Determined by the class of listeners, rhetoric falls into three divisions. It is the listener who determines the objects of the speaker and the speech. The listener may either be a judge, who takes a decision of things past or future, or a mere observer. A jury member decides on future events and the man who waits on the jury decides on past events. Observers are people who merely decide based upon the speechmakers skill.From this idea branches the three divisions of oratorypolitical, forensic, and the ceremonial oratory of display. A good orator must have the appropriate prepositions at his commands. The prepositions of rhetoric are complete proofs, probabilities, and si gns. agree to Alain Lempereur, today, it is necessity to circumscribe the respective fields of logic and rhetoric in the language of law, while showing how they are sometimes complementary in the resolution of legal problems. The Role of Rhetoric in the Judicial Process Rhetoric is a faculty used for providing judgment.Every man should comply with the rules of the law, and the law varies with each form of government. whence, one of the important qualifications for a good judge is that he or she should understand all forms of government, since the interest of men lies in the guardianship of the established order. According to Aristotle, the supreme right to judge always remains with either a part or the whole of one or other of the(se) governing powers (Rhetoric I. 8). So it is important that the judge should be a man of good intellect. The four forms of government are democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, and tyranny.The ends of each of these governments vary. For example, The end of democracy is freedom of oligarchy, wealth of aristocracy, the maintenance of education and national institutions of tyranny, the protection of the tyrant (Rhetoric 1. 8). Rhetorical persuasion is not only obtained by demonstrative but as well by ethical argument. Hence it is important for a rhetorician to understand the moral qualities characteristic of each form of government. Since a legal verdict is a decision, it is particularly important for a political speaker to confine integrity of his character in the interest of his audience.He should entertain the right feelings and he should, in turn, induce the right feelings in his audience. In delivering judgment, rhetoric seeks the use of ethos and pathos, in addition to logical proofs. John Rainold, in Oxford Lectures on Aristotles Rhetoric, states that as far as possible what is good or bad must be settled by the ruling of the impartialitygiver, since it is easier to find one man of good sense capable of framing laws and pro nouncing judgments than many men. Law is either special or general in nature. A special law is a written law, one that regulates the life of a particular society or the law of a state.A general law is an unwritten law, the principles that are supposed to be acknowledged everywhere or the universal law. Individuals or an entire community may affected by the law. A wrongdoer either understands and intends the action, or does it without an understanding. Aristotle defines that thither are seven causes of human action that the law has to consider. They are involuntary actions like chance, nature, and compulsion, and voluntary actions like habit, reasoning, anger, and appetite. Aristotle describes accusation and defense in detail in Book I, Chapter 10 of Rhetoric.He describes that wrong-doing is an injury that one person voluntarily inflicts on another contrary to law. There are three things that a prosecutor should ascertain first, the nature and number of the incentives to wrong-doin g second, the state of creative thinker of wrongdoers third, the kind of persons who are wronged, and their condition (Rhetoric I. 10). Judgment can happen in two sensesbroad and narrow. In its broad sense, it involves decisions that one takes in everyday activities, wherever there is more than than one possibility. In its narrow sense, it involves judgment taken in assemblies and law courts.Judging involves two peoplethe one who speaks and persuades, and the other who listens and judges. It overly involves two mutually contradictory arguments that the judge has to listen and judge. A judge should be prudent in judging whether something is important or unimportant, or save or unjust. They should never take instructions from the petitioners and should decide for themselves. Aristotle emphasizes that the whole business of rhetoric is with opinion (Rhetoric, III. 1). Similarly, a litigant should show that the alleged fact is so or is not so and that it has happened or has not happ ened.The duty of argument is to challenge conclusive proofs. An argument in forensic oratory can be categorized as the fact, the amount of injury, the existence of injury, and the justification. An argument in ceremonial oratory is taken on the basis of trust and the speaker will maintain the nobility of the actions in question. An argument in political oratory presents if something is possible or impossible, just or unjust, good or bad as the orator thinks. The general lines of argument common to all oratory are the possible and the impossible, past fact, future fact, and degree.The possible and impossible considers that any two contraries are as possible. Aristotle says that if a man can be cured, he can also fall ill for any two contraries are equally possible, in so far as they are contraries (Rhetoric, II. 19). Past fact argues that in two things, if one of the less likely things has happened, then there is a possibility that the more likely thing should also have happened. Fo r example, if a man has forgotten a thing, then it is likely that he has once learnt it. Future fact considers that a thing will be done if there is the power and wish to do it.If the means to the end has happened, then the end will soon follow. For example, if there is a foundation, there will be a house. Degree considers the greatness and smallness of things. One has to apply prudence in judgment since there is also a flip side to rhetoric. People might use their persuasive skills in making the judge believe in what is wrong and they might use it for unjust reasons. Aristotle comforts by telling that it is easier to prove and believe in things that are true. And, every virtue has its negative side. It is left to the individual to either make by using them right or to inflict great injuries by using them wrong.References1. Alain Lempereur, in his paper presented at the International Symposium Argumentation, Logic and Cognition, Ghent University, 68 December 1989. http//www.springe rlink.com/content/qv8722r647546mv2/ 2. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http//www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ 3. John Rainolds Oxford Lectures on Aristotles Rhetoric, by John Rainolds, Lawrence D. http//books.google.com/books?id=77RPL09TOTIC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=aristotles+rhetoric+in+the+judicial+processsource=webots=vDL0uMCFazsig=e9RjGNwjy64EDGfMrfSSvt9P-RUhl=ensa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=2ct=resultPPA129,M1

Chinese Shih Poetry and Philos Essay

Since the beginning of time, humans has sought to explain the arena around him. This is called philosophy, a Greek word which means love of wisdom. However, over the millennia it has come to mean very much more. The philosophies of the antediluvian Chinese people, whether they explain nature or present ways to live a and life, became so complex that simple-minded prose could not suitably express their meaning. Yet paradoxically, the simpler, less exact ca riding habit of poetry does put fore the ideas. Nowhere is this more exemplified than in the literature pertaining to the two major schools of superannuated Chinese thought Taoism and Confucianism.Poets such as Tu Fu and Po Chu-i explicit the ideas of Taoism and Confucianism, respectively, while their fellow poet Tao Chien expressed both, through their poetry. Confucianism is based on the ideas of Confucius, the man who gave the school of thought its name. The main goal of Confucianists was to return a gentlemanly society to China. The core of Confucianism concerned social structure. Confucius taught that a man should respect and obey those of highschooler(prenominal) rank than himself, whether they be the father of a family, or the emperor of a nation.But change surface with overbearing obedience, Confucianists believed that men should practice restraint and benevolence in those inferior to them. At the same time, those in high status were expected to lead virtuous lives, and to set examples for those that quest aftered them. Confucianists believed that the moral code of man was set floor by heaven, and if those in positions of authority did not set good examples, then they would deposed by the forces of heaven. unmatched of the inaugural great Chinese poets to spell out of Confucianism was Tao Chien.Tao Chiens poem Substance, Shadow, and Spirit exhibitions a comparability between Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and the views on life and death of each. A clear example of Confucian beliefs can be taken from this poem. He states, Let us strive and labor while yet we may / To do some deed that men will praise. This clearly demonstrates the fact that Confucianists do not believe in reincarnation. Also, in his Poem on Returning to Dwell in the Country, Tao Chien writes, In the same valet men lead different lives / Some at the court, some in the marketplace. These lines illustrate that for every man there is a place in an organized Confucian society. Taoism, along with Confucianism, is one of the most ancient ideas in Chinese philosophy. The first known Taoist master was the ancient figure Lao Tzu. befuddle by Chinese politics in his day, Lao Tzu planned to leave Chinese society for the natural state of western China. But, before he could do this, he was stopped by a man who asked him to write down all of his ideas and beliefs. The result was the Tao Te Ching, or the Book of the Virtue of the Way. The book set forth the basic ideas of Taoism that is, following the Tao, or the Way.The main goal of Taoists was to live in harmony with the natural earth around them, and to rid themselves of materialistic desires. The primary concern for Taoists like Lao Tzu was to understand the way of the world, and to use that knowledge for self-preservation. One of the grea taste poets in Chinese history to demonstrate Taoism in his poetry was Tu Fu. One example can be found in the poem that he Sent to Li Po as a Gift. At the end of the poem, he closes his message to Li Po this way, Your days persist in emptiness, / Your nature is a spreading fire, / It is swift and strenuous./ But what does all this bravery amount to? This shows a Taoist idea that man should not put too much effort into life, and should simply follow where fate leads. Tu Fu is telling his friend that he lives in simplicity, yet he lives in excess of those simple things something that Taoist should not do. Loneliness is another poem where Tu Fu shows his Taoist beliefs. The eighth line reads, T he processes of nature tally the art of men. This shows that the Way of nature is ever present all through the universe, even in the business of man.This even goes back to Lao Tzu, who felt that one could use Taoism to rule a just and order government. Centuries after Tao Chien wrote his poems on Confucianism, Po Chu-i added his take on the ancient philosophy. Unlike other Chinese poets, Po Chu-i was very realistic, and very direct writing not close to landscapes and mountain peaks, hardly about the normal experiences of life. For instance, Sick Leave, demonstrates Confucianism in that the speaker shows utter dedication to his position enough to work himself to illness. The speaker, even after becoming sick from overwork, regrets that he cannot be working.Last Poem shows examples of Confucianist relationships. For instance, the speakers grandchildren read him a book a task they do out of respect and love for their grandfather. Also, his servants show their respect to their mas ter by heating his soup. Finally, the speaker shows his regard for the relationships with his friends by frantically replying to their letters. Besides universe open minded to the ideas of Confucianism and Buddhism, Tao Chien was similarly an ardent Taoist. His Taoist poetry about attaining tranquillity and peace treaty are at great contrast with the world around him, which was full of chaos and turmoil.In the last section of the poem Substance, Shadow, and Spirit he discusses the Taoist view, which is that one should not worry about death, but should go where Fate leads ? Drift on the Stream of Infinite Flux and make as puny fuss as you can, when death finally comes. His Poem on Returning to Dwell in the County also shows Taoist ideas on simplicity, and following the way of nature. Passages such as Long I have love to stroll among the hills and marshes, / And take my pleasure roaming the woods and fields, demonstrate the Taoist love for nature.Poets such as Po Chu-i presented the ideas of in a form that better impacted the common man, and carried their ideas crystal clear to the intellectuals. His fellow poets, Tao Chien and Tu Fu presented images of nature so intense, that the reader could gain a sense of calm from reading their poems. These poems have passed the test of time, and have not weathered the slightest. The followers of these schools were gifted enough to state their beliefs in poetry so vivid that they still enlighten lovers of wisdom today.